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نهال گوجه سبز یا آلوچه
نهال گوجه سبز

نهال گوجه سبز یا آلوچه

نهال گوجه سبز یا آلوچه از ارقام پرطرفدار آلو است که منشا آن از چین می باشد . آلوچه ارقام مختلفی دارد که هر کدام ویژگی های منحصر به فردی دارندو از ویژگی های کلی آن می توان به سبز رنگ بودن میوه و خوشمزه و آبدار بودن آن توجه داشت . آلوچه از اوایل خرداد قابل بداشت است و عمر اقتصادی آن حدود ۵۰ سال بر آورد می شود.

 

شرایط اقلیمی و خاکی
از نظر مقاومت در برابر سرماى زمستانه، انواع آلو و گوجه مشابه سیب وآلبالو هستند و نیازهاى سرمائى آنها بر حسب رقم با ۵۰۰ تا ۱۸۰۰ ساعت دماى کمتر از هفت درجه سانتى‌گراد برآورده مى‌شود. این گیاهان به‌طور کلى خاک‌هاى لمونى شنى را ترجیح مى‌دهند و خاک‌هاى سنگین و مرطوب را بهتر از دیگر میوه‌هاى هسته‌دار تحمل مى‌کنند.

شرایط کاشت
بر حسب رقم و میزان رشد آن، فاصله درختان آلو و گوجه ۷-۵ متر مى‌باشد. در کشورهاى خارج توانسته‌اند در شرایط بسیار مناسب تا ۳۵ تن در هکتار محصول برداشت کنند ولى در ایران معمولاً میزان محصول از ۷-۳ تن در هکتار تجاوز نمى‌کند.

دستورالعمل
بلافاصله بعد از دریافت نهال، ریشه‌هایش را در داخل سطل آب قرار دهید. حداقل ۲ ساعت بگذارید بماند تا آب کافی دریافت کند. فقط ریشه‌ها بایستی زیر آب باشند. به منظور بررسی ریشه، درخت را از آب درآورید. بیشتر خاک فشرده بایستی با آب نرم شده باشد. ریشه‌هایی را که آسیب‌دیده‌اند یا به شکلی نا معمول بلندند را ببرید. جهت تسهیل گردش هوا، ریشه‌ها را پخش کرده و اطراف ریشه مرکزی را خلوت کنید. ریشه‌ها را در داخل ظرف برگردانده و پایین تر قرار دهید. سطل و درخت را کناری بگذارید.

گودالی را بکنید که پهنایش ۲ برابر ریشه‌های بازشده‌ی گیاه باشد و درعین‌حال به همان عمقی باشد که گیاه در باغ یا باغچه اولیه کاشته شده بود. معمولاً در روی تنه‌ی درخت یک خط مشخصی وجود دارد که نشان می‌دهد تا کجا در زیر خاک بوده است. درخت را از سطل آب خارج کنید و با ریشه‌های کاملاً باز و پخش در اطرافش، داخل گودال قرار دهید. سپس آن را با یک دست نگه‌دارید و با دست دیگر گودال را

پرکنید.(شاید برای این کار نیاز باشد که کسی کمکتان کند.). اگر خاک منطقه نیاز به اصلاح و یا تقویت دارد، مثلاً اگر خیلی گلی یا ماسه‌ای بوده یا فاقد مواد مغذی مورد نیاز گیاه است، ممکن است خاک مخصوص گلدان را نیز لازم باشد در این مرحله اضافه کنید. اگر شما از کیفیت خاک مطمئن نیستید، برای محکم‌کاری هم که شده، می توانید خاک مخصوص گلدان را نیز به گودال بریزید. دو بیل از خاک گلدان را با خاکی که از گودال برداشته بودید ترکیب کنید. از این مخلوط برای پر کردن گودال و پوشاندن ریشه‌ها تا پایین‌تنه استفاده کنید. به آرامی و با کمک پشت بیل خاک روی گیاه را فشرده و از صاف بودن درخت مطمئن شوید. سپس درخت را آب دهید و یک لایه کاه مالچ به آن بیفزایید. زمین اطراف درخت بایستی تا عمق حدود ۳ سانتی متر مرطوب باشد.

بعد از آب دادن، ۵ دقیقه صبر کنید تا خاک خیس بخورد و بعد با انگشتتان چک کنید که آب تا چه عمقی به خاک نفوذ کرده است. اگر دیدید لازم است، آب بیشتری دهید. یک چوب به ضخیم را در کنار تنه قرار داده و چند سانتیمتر آن را داخل زمین فرو کنید. با یک طناب تنه درخت و چوب را به هم وصل کنید و نگذارید فاصله‌ی بین آن‌ها از ۵ سانتیمتر فراتر رود. بستن درخت به چوب کمک می‌کند که درخت پایدارتر بوده و رشد کنترل شده تری داشته باشد. اجازه دهید که این ستون چوبی درجایش بماند تا زمانی که تنه‌ی درخت قطورتر شده و با ستون چوبی مستقیماً برخورد کند. برای یک نهال ۲ ساله، یک سال طول می‌کشد تا این برخورد صورت گیرد. با فرارسیدن سال سوم یا چهارم، دیگر نیازی به ستون کمکی نخواهید داشت.

گوجه سبزتکثیر:
کشت با هسته: در این روش ابتدا میوه باید بر روی درخت برسد. بعد هسته از میوه جدا میشوند تا بقایای میوه کاملا حذف شود. پس از آن هسته ها را در محلی خشک و خنک قرار می دهند تا کاملا خشک شود. بعد باید سه ماه در خاک اره در دمای ۵درجه سانتیگراد قرار گیرد تا نیاز سرمایی آن رفع شود و سپس در بستری مناسب، گرم، روشن و به دور از نور مستقیم خورشید کشت می کنند. پیوند زدن: این روش مرسوم ترین روش تکثیر این درخت بوده و در این روش اواخر بهار یا اوایل تابستان که درخت در مرحله پوست انداختن میباشد پیوندک گرفته می شود و بر روی پایه قرار می گیرد. پیوندک باید از درختی تهیه شود که باردهی زیاد دارد و کیفیت میوه آن هم مناسب است. پایه ای که انتخاب می شود، باید متناسب با شرایط خاک باشد. معمولا از درخت گوجه سبز حاصل از تکثیر با هسته به عنوان پایه استفاده می کنند. از درختان دیگر هم میتوان استفاده کرد مثل بادادم، زردآلو و… که بسته به شرایط خاک دارد.

آبیاری:
در اوایل کشت نهال که گیاه جوان است باید آبیاری منظم و عمیق باشد تا هم گیاه خشک نشود و هم سیستم ریشه ای آن عمیق شود تا وقتی گیاه بالغ شده بتواند آب را از اعماق جذب کند و به خشکی مقاوم شود پس گیاه بالغ نیاز آبی کمی دارد اما باز هم باید توجه داشت که خشکی رخ ندهد به ویژه در زمان رسیدن میوه چون میوه چروک و کوچک می شود. البته غرقابی هم نباید اتفاق بیافتد زیرا باعث خفگی ریشه در اثر کمبود اکسیژن و پوسیدگی آن و درنتیجه آسیب به گیاه می شود.

خاک:

این درخت هر نوع خاکی را می تواند تحمل کند به شرط آنکه زهکش آن مناسب باشد چون به آب ایستادگی حساس است. در کل خاک غنی و حاصلخیز با زهکش مناسب بهترین خاک برای رشد آن است.

دما:

گوجه سبز بومی مناطق معتدل سرد است و سرما را می تواند تحمل کند و برای گلدهی و تولید میوه باید نیاز سرمایی آن رفع شود. همچنین دماهای بالا را هم می

تواند تحمل کند و اگر گرما خیلی زیاد شد در صورتی که آبیاری منظم باشد و خشکی رخ ندهد می تواند به رشد ادامه دهد.

نور:
این درخت نباید در سایه باشد چون باروری آن کم می شود در کل به منطقه ای با نور مستقیم و کامل نیاز دارد.

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